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• Yield-to-Maturity (YTM): solve P = present value of promised cash flows (ignore call).
• Yield-to-Call (YTC): if callable and likely to be called, solve for call date τ: P = PV(cash flows to τ + call price).
• Option-adjusted spread (OAS): value relative to a benchmark curve after stripping embedded option value. Use lattice or Monte Carlo if interest rates stochastic.