The year 2021 was a transformative and challenging period for Indonesia
The pandemic remained the dominant social force in 2021, particularly during the devastating Delta wave in mid-year. Poverty and Inequality
. The court found the government had failed to fulfill its duty to ensure clean air for Jakarta's residents, marking a rare and historic win for civil society groups against the state. 2021 Social & Cultural Issues The Rise of "Religious Harmony" Debates:
Cultural Trends and Resilience
Environmental Issues
The Resilience of Gotong Royong
2021 Indonesian Social Issues and Culture: A Year of Challenges and Resilience